Mother nature and the life paths we take, or are dictated to us by circumstances, always starts with Birth and ends with Death or Passing Away the more acceptable term these days. We, like all living things on Earth never know when it is our turn to Pass Away. When we do, there are so many theories and religions that try to give us guidance and hope that there maybe an after life to make us less concerned about Passing Away. The problem is that we don’t really know what life on Earth actually is, from the moment we are conceived. Out of the billions of people on this earth, the differences in life style and living conditions are so diverse, we need to ask, why is life so good for some and so bad for others? I am one of the very lucky ones that have had a very good life and still around at the age of 85 years old. As the beautiful song ‘The Older I Get’ written and sung by Alan Jackson first verse says:
Growing Old
What do we mean by ‘Growing Old’? In many cases it starts with a State of Mind based upon ‘Health’, ‘Circumstances’, ‘Relationships’ and ‘Confidence in Ones Self and Abilities’. One thing that it does not depend upon is the ‘Age Number’ as each Individual is different at a specific ‘Age Number’. What we mean by Age Number is that we have lived on this Earth for a number of years after our Birth and nothing more. Each of us have a different ‘Age Number’ that we start to think ‘I’m ‘Growing Old’. Without going into personal details, I did not start to think I was ‘Growing Old’ until 2023 when I was 82 years old, 2 years after after being forced to retire and closing my company in 2021 after 33 years due to COVID 19. In my case it was ‘Circumstances’ but if there was no COVID19, I may have still been working today.
Combating Growing Old
During my life I have always been active and had occupations that needed my brain to learn complex information including being inventive and creative from Technical College, being in Royal Air Force and starting and running my own Multimedia Aviation Technical Training Systems Company. Therefore, after retirement it was important to be as active as I could and most importantly keep my brain active. The following are some of the ways of trying to combat that ‘Growing Old’ feeling.
Starting my own Website, astra283.com with WordPress.com in January 2023 and creating all types of articles including this one and 55 others the latest published this month May 2026. This keeps my brain active, researching and writing about different subjects, although very few people read them it is extremely important to me in my quest to remain young at heart.
Keeping active at home supporting my darling and courageous wife and darling daughter, who are much younger than me but are both very caring ensuring I am safe and happy. They are also very important to me as I am so lucky to have a very happy home life, that many do not have.
I am still able to Drive my car which is 20 years old but gives me a great deal of pleasure and independent mobility. I started to drive at the age of 17, in 1958 almost 70 years ago. In 2027 next year, if I am still healthy I will try to renew my Driving Licence as driving is very important keeping your awareness active.
Although I have Arthritis in one of my knees which at times can be very painful I try to join my long time friends to walk in the park on a Sunday morning and then have Breakfast, which we have been doing for the last 15 years.
Last but not least being able to go out at least once a week for a few beers, meeting our group and other friends and Karaoke singing, which I really enjoy as it really does help keeping my lungs healthy. Having a group of special friends and meeting them is very important, as its something to look forward to every week and a sense of purpose, either on a Sunday or during the week. Many of these friends all stemmed from the days I used to play Badminton with them for many years until I was 79 years old.
Conclusion
As the beautiful song ‘The Older I Get’ written and sung by Alan Jackson last verse says:
The Song ‘The Older I Get’ written and sung by Alan Jackson
A Robot is a programmable, multi-functional, machine designed to perform complex tasks with a degree of autonomy when required.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human learning, comprehension, problem solving, decision making, creativity and autonomy, which can provide responses to the information provided.
When we refer to Services it includes many Activities in our every day lives. It’s because this article tends to be more personal the effect of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) on People is extremely important. We have seen with Manufacturing the more we apply Robotics and AI it generally means we need less Human involvement. The same applies to Services, especially when we consider AI and its effects.
Human Intelligence -v- Artificial Intelligence
As we know Human Intelligence varies from Human to Human but in general Human Intelligence depends on the processing of millions of pieces of information, from our real-time senses, Sight, Sound, Touch, Smell and Taste and our Stored Memory that we acquire from our Experiences or External Information. From this information our Brain processes it and can make judgements or take actions almost instantaneously. However, each of us tend to have different Senses, Brain processing and especially the ‘Limited Stored Memory’ which at times gives us different results, that are not always the correct ones. One of the most important part of our level of Intelligence is by ‘Learning’ and retaining that knowledge and skills from the day we are born to the end of our days.
The Human Brain
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expanding at an alarming rate but what is it? We could in simple terms say that AI is in fact a Brain that can have Senses and Memory and processes the information but in different ways. The Senses are normally Individual Sensors for (Sound, Touch, Smell and Taste) and Digital Cameras (Sight and Sound). However, the big difference is the amount of Memory and Access to External Information (Data) that AI has which is huge compared to the Human. AI is also a sophisticated Learning Environment, including; Machine Learning and Deep Learning that uses the Knowledge and Skill to operate Robotics, Compare and Identify items or things, Create AI Images and many other activities. AI is becoming more powerful every day as it can do many tasks that Humans do much quicker and more comprehensively, 365 days a year and 24 hours a day. The Tech Companies are Investing Billions of Dollars in creating AI Software using Supercomputers such as the one below.
Summit Supercomputer – Typical Tech Industry Artificial Intelligence BrainAI Image created by AI Software i Image from Magnific
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Company Effects
In the past few days there has been many news articles about Banks and Tech Companies who are shedding thousands of employees due to the effect of AI. This is only one News Announcement but typically applies to many other Banks and Tech Companies:
ABanking giant has become the latest major company to announce job cuts as it increases its adoption of artificial intelligence (AI). The firm, which has its headquarters in the UK, said it will cut more than 15%, or around 7,800, of its back-office roles by 2030.
In the case of ‘Banks,’ ‘Back – office’ refers to Administration and Support personnel that do not interface with the general public. In the case of ‘Tech Companies’ additional Software Engineers are included. You may ask how does AI effect these personnel?
I have a personal example. Some years ago as owner of a Computer Based Training company some of our Training Software (Courseware) required ‘Voice-Overs’ (Human Speech) which I did myself by recording using a microphone into a computer and saving the file. (.wav). If I then loaded the file into the Courseware and it was Selected by the Student it would Play-back, what I had said. This used to take quite a lot of time and it was not always perfect, therefore it had to be re-done.
In 2025, now retired, I was going to create another programme and considered creating a number of ‘Voice-Overs’, however not using my recorded voice, but one created by an AI Speech Software, called Speechelo, one of many companies. All you do is to Type- in or Copy a Text of what you want to say then select ‘go’ and it instantly provides you with a ‘Voice-Over’ of the text as a.mp3 file. There are many options for the type of Voice etc. The most important facts are; that you don’t need a Person to do the ‘Voice-Over’, the significant Reduction of Time and the Increased Quality is very good, all created by AI.
Just today on the TV News the Song Writers and Musical Score, Singers, Actors etc. are very worried about AI taking over, eliminating their livelihood. University students hoping to become Software Engineers and Coders are extremely concerned that AI is able to create software code more efficiently and faster than a Human. Even some of the Tech Companies like Meta are shedding up to 15,000 staff which includes some of their Software Engineers and Coders due to the introduction of AI.
Whilst we may have concerns about the effect on the Human workforce we must also recognise AI can help Humanity in many different ways. For example the Pharmaceutical Companies are looking at the Health Medicines created with the aid of AI that will help Humanity in the future. In addition the Hospitals are gradually introducing Robotics and AI to assist the Doctors, Surgeons, Nursing Staff and Patients.
These are quotes from the Google AI that I can use to help in the creation of this Article;
Key Areas of Impact:
Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Systems enable minimally invasive procedures with extreme precision, enhancing dexterity, smaller incisions, and faster recovery times.
Autonomous Logistics: Robots navigate busy hospital corridors to deliver pharmaceuticals, lab samples, and linens, reducing the risk of cross-contamination and manual labor.
AI Diagnostics: Machine learning analyzes medical imaging and patient data to assist doctors in detecting diseases (like cancer or respiratory conditions) earlier and more accurately.
Virtual Care & Administration: AI Chatbots and digital doctors manage thousands of virtual cases and patient interactions, while predictive analytics help forecast patient health risks and optimize bed management.
Patient Assistance: Assistive robotics aid in safe patient transfers, lifting, and even act as companions to alleviate cognitive and emotional burdens.
‘Nurobot’ is a Robot on Wheels operated using AI Software in 2026
Conclusion
In this article I have concentrated on Artificial Intelligence (AI) mainly because in the Service Sector there are so many activities that are affected by the use of AI. This trend is increasing rapidly as AI Application Software becomes available and is being applied to many Service Industries. We can see that it is the new Technical Revolution that will change Humanity as Technical Revolutions of the past have done. However, I believe that AI is a more consequential Revolution and possibly a dangerous one for Humanity especially with the rapid and remarkable advance of Humanoid Robots. In recent weeks we have seen the dexterity and agility of the Chinese made Humanoids that are driven by AI. The more advanced AI becomes in the future the more the Humanoids will become like Humans, without the bodily constraints of the Human Body and Mind. Perhaps you would like to refer to my previous article ‘Humans -v- Humanoids’ dated 6th January 2025 on this website: astra283.com
A Robot is a programmable, multi-functional, machine designed to perform complex tasks with a degree of autonomy when required.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human learning, comprehension, problem solving, decision making, creativity and autonomy, which can provide responses to the information provided.
Manufacturing covers a huge number of different Products from Automobiles to Toys, but they all have measure of Automation, Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications. However one thing is clear that the greater the use of these technologies the more it has an impact on the Human Workforce. In addition, the Integrated Automation and Control systems of Factories from Raw Materials to the Finished Products is Increasing Output whilst Reducing the Work force. It is impossible to cover all of the different Manufacturing of Products, using of Robotics and Artificial. This article will look at some of the different Robots and their uses in the Factory. We will look at Automobile Manufacturing which is the most recognisable use of Robots and the Electronic Systems Manufacturing.
A Typical Factory that uses Robotics and Artificial Intelligence and Limited Humans
Manufacturing – Process
When you consider a Manufacturing Process, it is made up from all the different Activities necessary to create the Final Product. There is a considerable number of Activities which need to be undertaken in the Correct Order; at the Correct Time; in the Correct Manner; to the Correct Standard; Examined and Tested; Quality Control Checks; Packaged and Delivered. Today many of these Activities are undertaken by a Combination of Humans, Robotics and AI.
Automobile Manufacturing
My own experience of Automotive Manufacturing was in 1990 as the owner of a Computer Based Training (CBT) company, when I visited to discuss the possibility of Designing and Developing CBT for the Maintenance of the Robotic Systems, at the Japanese Automobile Factory in Sunderland, England.
Robots in the at the Japanese Automobile Factory in Sunderland, England in the1990’s
Today the Smart Factory uses Autonomous Robots in this case as part of the Vehicle Bodywork Assembly and Welding Production Line, which is continually monitored by the Smart Factory System, using Robot Sensors and a Network Systems and Artificial Intelligence, referred to as the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT). This is a a BMW Factory Production Line in Leipzig Germany. You will note that the Robots Design is far more complex than the 1990’s Robots, however, they provide the Dexterity and Speed required to access difficult areas of the Bodywork.
Welding Robots: Image; BMW_Leipzig_Media_050719
After the Bodywork is completed the Smart Factory again uses Specially Designed Autonomous Robots with many types of Sensors to Inspect the Integrity of the Weld Seams and other parts of the Bodywork. The Data of the Inspection is Transferred to the ‘IoT’ for Analysis and further action if required.
Image: Vitronic Weld Seam Inspection Robots and System
After the Bodywork is completed and has been Inspected for the Integrity of the Weld Seams and other parts of the Bodywork it is ready for Painting. Again this is undertake by Autonomous Robots specially designed to provide the Correct Amount of Paint over the whole Vehicle and a Colour which is controlled by the ‘Internet of Things’ based upon the specific Vehicle Bodywork Number and other Data. After the Completion of Painting the Data is again Transferred to the ‘IoT’ and the Vehicle is moved onto the next Activity.
Another process, Windscreen fitment is also completed by a Robot alone or in some cases with Humans ensuring the final stage of Windscreen placement is correct. The advantage of the Robot is that it applies the sealant perfectly in terms of quantity and accuracy. Normally this type of Robot is autonomous and part of the production line which is controlled by the IoT.
In some cases, especially Commercial Vehicles, there are Robots that Select the Vehicles Doors from the adjacent racks and the Fit them to the Cabin. They use Cameras and other Proximity Sensors aided by AI Software to guide the Robot to the correct position and attach them using the specified Bolts.
The Automobile Manufacturing process for all types of Vehicles large and small, Fossil Fuel, Hybrids and Electrical use a significant amount of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence combined with the ‘Internet of Things in all parts of the world. We have just seen only some of the Robotics involved in the Automobile Manufacturing Cycle which contributes to the high output and quality of Vehicle Manufacturing.
Electronic Systems Manufacturing
Today another extremely important Manufacturing process is creation of the Electronic Systems for almost all Electrically Operated Systems, from a Television (TV) to the most advanced Aircraft Avionics Systems.
The Electronic Control Systems are created by the use of a number of Electronic, Printed Circuit Board Assemblies (PCBA’s). These start as a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), which is then Populated with the Electronic Components that create a PCBA Functional Electronic System. The image below shows a simple PCB (left) and the resultant PCBA (right). With a simple PCBA shown below this could be done by a Human using a Soldering Iron to melt the Solder and apply it to the Metal Terminals to the Copper Circuit.
PCB PCBAHuman using a Soldering Iron and Solder
The more Complex PCB used for Surface-mounted Technology (SMT), Electronic Components has the Electrical Circuit already etched on the PCB connected with the ‘Shoulder Pads’ to which the Electronic Components are connected.
A Typical Complex PCB with Etched Circuit connected to the Electronic Component ‘Shoulder Pads’
From the Complex PCB shown above the Electronic Components can now be attached to the PCB creating the Complex PCBA. A typical example is shown below.
Typical Complex PCBA Designed for a Specific Electronic Task and at times referred to as a Module
Creating a PCBA such as the one shown above is a complex, precision and delicate process, especially when Picking and Handling the Electronic Components, Placing them in the Correct Position and then Soldering them to the PCB. Today the majority of Electronic Components are Integrated Circuits in an Encased Microchip (Square and Oblong Black Components) shown below. There is also other much Smaller Components that also have to be attached to the PCB. Today most PCBA’s use Surface-mount-Technology (SMT) which means that the Components are placed on the Surface of the PCB which have ‘Shoulder Pads’ that are covered with Sticky, Solder Paste (Solder and Gel like Flux) and are connected to the Electronic Circuit.
The first stage is that a Specific Identical Set Blank PCB’s that have ‘Shoulder Pads’ and ‘Soldering Paste’ are placed on a Production Line by a Robot. The first Robots are the ‘Pick and Place’ (PnP) which are preprogrammed for this set of PCB’s and have access to the required Components to make the PCBA. These are smaller ‘Table Mounted Robot Arms’ that some have small ‘Vacuum Nozzles’ for the smaller Components and a ‘Pick-up Mechanism’ for the larger Microchips. The Robots select the Components and then place them on the respective ‘Shoulder Pads’ on the PCB. These Robots can PnP tens of thousands of Components per hour with accuracy and precision.
Table Mounted Robot Arm with ‘Vacuum Nozzles’Table Mounted Robot Arm with close up view of the ‘Vacuum Nozzles’ (5)Robot Arm ‘Pick-up Mechanism’ for the larger MicrochipsPCBA Surface-mount-Technology – Two examples of ‘Shoulder Pads’ and ‘Soldered Components’
This is another type of Electronic PCBA PnP System with Internal Robotics that is Computer Controlled using AI software.
After all of the Components have been placed in the Correct Position on the PCBA it is then transferred to a ‘Reflow Soldering Oven’ which provides sufficient heat to activate the Soldering Paste which Solders the Components to the SMT Shoulder Pads.
SMT-Bestückung Reflow Soldering Oven
After the PCBA has passed through the Reflow Soldering Oven it then goes via a Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) System that Inspects the PCBA for any defects using a specialised Camera and Artificial intelligence Software. Any defects are normally rectified by a Human.
Once they pass the Inspection the PCBA’s are Stacked ready for Testing.
There are two types of Automated Testing, In-circuit Testing and Quality Control and Flying Probe Testing where the Probes are positioned automatically to the points on the PCBA that should provide the correct reading for each of the points. These are Preprogrammed Robotics for the Specific types of PCBA’s.
PCBA Quality TestingPCBA Flying Probe Testing
After testing the the PCBA’s are Packaged. PCBA’s are very Sensitive to Static Electricity and Moisture therefore each PCBA is Hermetically Sealed in a Anti-Static, Vacuum Sealed Bag.
Each of the Sealed PCBA’s surrounded in bubble wrap and are then packed in Cardboard Boxes in this case by Robots for shipment.
Conclusion
We have just discussed only two of many Manufacturing Applications but the use of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Software is used extensively for Manufacturing and Management of Processes in terms of Internet of Things (IoT). It is also noticeable that the use Robotics and AI is increasing which is decreasing the need for Human involvement. Although we have not discussed this but Humanoids are being Manufactured in China in their hundreds to undertake even more of a role replacing the Humans. Below is the trial of Chinese made Humanoids in a Factory. There will be many more to come.
This image is not an AI Image. Actual Humanoids doing work in the Factory
Without a doubt the Robotics and Artificial Intelligence is here to stay and are having a major positive impact on many Manufacturing Industries. However, in doing so it is also having a negative impact on the increasing number of Humans that require work to provide the income for their families. This also applies to the next ‘Robotics and Artificial Intelligence – Part 3 – Service Applications’.
A Robot is a programmable, multi-functional, machine designed to perform complex tasks with a degree of autonomy when required.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is technology that enables computers and machines to simulate human learning, comprehension, problem solving, decision making, creativity and autonomy, which can provide responses to the information provided.
It is important to note that Robotics and AI are separate entities, however AI is being applied to Robotics allowing the Robots of all types to act more autonomously using AI in different environments.
Today we are in an exponential expansion of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) which is being applied to so many facets of human activity, that has created a new Revolution, after the Computer and Industrial Revolutions of the past. However, I believe that this new Revolution will have far reaching consequences for humans that may spiral out of control creating a significant threat to mankind.
The three areas that this Revolution is affecting so far being, ‘Military’, ‘Manufacturing’ and ‘Services’. In this Part 1 article we will consider the ‘Military Applications’.
Military Applications
It is well known that new wars or conflicts create new technology to meet the new strategies and actions of the enemy. Since Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022 the expansion of Robotics and AI have changed the face of conventional warfare significantly. Conventional warfare usually consists of Battle Tanks, Artillery, Infantry, Naval Ships and Traditional Air Power using manned Aircraft for Reconnaissance and Attack. Additional Reconnaissance is provided by Satellites.
Military Robotics and AI
In today’s warfare these conventional weapons have been expanded by the use of Robotics in the form of Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAV’s), Unmanned Surface Vessels (USV’s) and Unmanned Underwater Vessels (UUWV’s), Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV’s) and Quadruped Unmanned Ground Vehicles (Q-UGVs) (War Dogs). Some of these are Pre-programmed or Human Controlled and others Autonomous using AI. Finally Humanoids are being tested for warfare in numbers especially by the Chinese who have the ability now due to their advanced Robot Agility and AI functionality as shown in the Chinese New Tear Kung Fu dancing exhibition in 2026. The Chines are in the early stages of developing a Humanoid Army.
The Chinese Company Unitree Kung Fu Dancing Humanoid Robots – Chinese New year 2026
UAV’s
UAV’s can relate to ‘Cruise Missiles’, ‘Ballistic Missiles’ which have been available for some years now. However, although these are Target pre-programmed, the latest Cruise Missiles are able adjust their flight paths autonomously using AI in different environments. The Storm Shadow and Tomahawk Cruise Missiles are typical examples of many different types in the world.
However, the latest Unmanned Combat Arial Vehicles (UCAV) technology is the ‘Air Drones’ from the size of a small Aircraft to a Flying Insect. UCAV’s of all sizes and types are having a major impact on today’s warfare. These Drones can be pre-programmed using AI or controlled by a Human Operator anywhere in the Battlefield areas or from ground based control centres.
The Large Size Drones are in fact an unmanned Aircraft operated by Pilots in operation centres. These can be armed with several types of weapons similar to an manned Aircraft. They will return to their base after a mission and be reused many times.
The Medium Size Delta Wing Drones are single use controllable flying bombs which explode on impact. These are based on the Iranian Shahed 131 and 136 Drones which have been exported to many countries. However, this type of Drone is being designed and manufactured by many countries.
The Small Size Drones use Propeller Thrust Technology that can move the Drone vertically and horizontally at quite fast speeds. A number of horizontal propellers are mounted on arms which are connected to the central body. The central body can carry cameras or packaged explosives, the small Size Drone can be single or multiple use. They are either manually controlled or pre-programmed using AI.
During the Ukraine War with Russia all of these have shown to be very effective on the Battlefield, at a relatively low cost. Ukraine and Russia have used some of these to destroy Battle Tanks, Military Vehicles and Military Personnel. A huge amount of destruction has been caused to Civilian and Military buildings and People using the Delta Wing Medium size Drones. These are being manufactured by many countries now in huge numbers as they are a very cost effective weapon.
Ukraine Army Drone Operator
USV’s and UUWV’s
In addition to Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV’s) Ukraine have developed Unmanned Surface Vessels (USV’s) which are single use floating bombs. These are controlled by operators or pre-programmed using AI. These have been used to attack Russian Ships in the Black Sea that have been very effective. Other uses of the USV technology is applied to Mine Sweeping vital for keeping shipping lanes clear of destructive explosions. At present there is great deal of development of the Unmanned Underwater Vessels (UUWV’s) which are a single use Torpedo type vessel controlled by operators or pre-programmed using AI.
UGV’s and Q-UGV’s
There many types of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV’s) and Q-UGV’s as these are playing a major role in modern warfare. So much so that Ukraine are developing a ‘Robotic Army’. The UGV’s are designed for Attack, Reconnaissance and Other Services such as the injured soldier recovery vehicle shown below or Ammunition Replenishment. The UGV’s can be Tracked or Wheeled Vehicles and vary in Size depending upon their role. The Q-UGV’s or Robot Dogs are used in the main for Reconnaissance working with the Soldiers, however some are being Weaponised acting like Infantry. All of these UGV’s /Q-UGV’s can be manually controlled or autonomous using AI. There is no doubt that UGV’s /Q-UGV’s extremely effective in reducing the harm to the attacking Human Soldiers on the front line.
Humanoid Army
Whilst the imagery generated below look more like a video game there are some serious moves in many countries especially China in developing a Humanoid Army based upon the agility and manufacture of Chinese Humanoids, for many reasons as we will see in ‘Part 2 Manufacturing’ of ‘this ‘Robotics and Artificial Intelligence’ article.
Military Application Defences
Due to the major change in UAV warfare there is a scramble for effective Defence Systems. There are many types of Interceptor Missile Systems, such as the ‘Patriot’ system which have designed to combat Cruise and other types of Attack Missiles. Many of these Interceptor Missiles may cost between 2 to 4 million US$ each. However, if these are being used to combat the hundreds of UAV Delta Wing Drones costing maybe 20,000 US$ each, this cannot be sustained by any country. The Ukrainians therefore have developed a Interceptor Drone System which includes Small Drones to destroy the UAV Delta Wing Drones which cost about 1000 US$ each and be manufactured quickly in their thousands. These Systems are still being developed and are very effective.
Conclusion
Technology throughout the thousands of years years of warfare has decided who won the Battles and Wars. Today is no different in fact it is more intense as the technologies are being created at high speed incorporating Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (AI). No one wants war but we must be ready for it at all times, that’s why it is essential to keep designing and developing Defence and Attack systems during peacetime. One very important point is the Unmanned Systems that reduces the risks of the men and women on the front lines. This applies to both sides as it becoming the case that each sides Unmanned Systems are fighting each other rather that using servicemen and women. This is in no doubt the future of warfare. However, there is a huge danger ahead in that many of these Unmanned Systems will become totally Autonomous using AI taking the control away from Humans. This is highlighted in the film ‘Stealth’ (2005) in which the Aircraft AI ignores the orders of the Pilot and does its own thing.
Stealth (2005)
At that time it was science fiction but today is becoming science fact. The next Part 2 will look at the ‘Manufacturing Applications’ and its use of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence.
The interest in Steam Locomotives and Trains in Great Britain (GB) is at an all time high with so many Heritage Railways and Main Line Contractors. I also, even as a boy 70 years ago, have been fascinated by the shear size, mechanical engineering and projected power of a Steam Locomotive. Great Britain created the first Industrial Steam Engine followed by the forerunner to today’s Steam Locomotive, ‘The Rocket’ Steam Locomotive. Robert Stephenson designed and built The Rocket in 1829 almost 200 years ago.
At a UK Heritage Steam Locomotive and Train Gala on the 1st May 2026
Today I want to look at some of the Steam Locomotives that were manufactured many years ago which have gone through phases of restoration, that are still operating in the Heritage and Main Lines. Many of these Locomotives originated from the Locomotive Barry Scrapyard in South Wales shown below. Out of the 297 Locomotives originally in the Barry Scrapyard 213 have been rescued for Preservation. This was caused in 1963 when Lord Beeching’s report closed a lot of Rail Lines and recommended that all Steam Locomotives should be replaced by Diesel Locomotives. If you look at them now the transformation is incredible both Internally, Mechanically, and Externally by companies like Tyseley’s Engineering Centre, meeting the Certification Standards of today and a huge amount of money expended.
Barry Scrapyard, South Wales (Image: Jack Wells (Barry Island Historical Group))Tyseley’s Engineering Centre, Birmingham, Great Britain
Almost all GB Steam Locomotives are identified by Numbers, Classes and Wheel Numbers and Orientation. For example we will refer to the total Wheel Numbers and Orientation as follows; Leading Wheels (small), Driving Wheels (large) Rear Supporting Wheels (small). Starting from the Front Wheels, example 4-6-2 as shown below. Classes of Locomotives normally have the same starting Number so we will look at the Numbers and Starting Numbers.
The Configuration of this Locomotive is 4-6-2
The Four Number Series.
The most famous GB Locomotive Four Number 4468 Mallard, broke the world record of 125.88 mph for a Steam Train in 1938. It is in the GB National Railway Museum. It is a Pacific Class A4, 4-6-2. These were designed by Sir Nigel Gresley one of which is still operating called ‘Sir Nigel Gresley’. There are occasions when the four numbers are prefixed by a 4 or 6 when designated to British Railways rather than the Regional Railways such as LMS (London Midland South) or LNER (London North Eastern Railway). Many others have new five figure numbers allocate to the four number Locomotives such Mallard was 4468 changed to 60022. As a boy Train Spotter, I was invited onto the Mallard Footplate (Cab) at Newcastle Central Station.
5043 Earl of Mount Edgcumber is a Great Western Railway (GWR) 4073 Class, 4-6-0 which was built in 1936, 90 years ago in Swindon. It was withdrawn from service in 1963 and recovered from the Barry Scrapyard in 1973. It had a 10 year overhaul until 2023 carried out by Tyseley’s Engineering Centre, Birmingham GB. It is operating today 2026 hauling Tour Trains on the Main Line.
7802 Bradley Manor is a GWR Manor Class 4-6-0 built in 1938 in Swindon. It was withdrawn from service in 1965 and was recovered from the Barry Scrapyard in 1979. It is operating on the Heritage Lines today in 2026 as the image below.
7828 Odney Manor is a GWR Manor Class 4-6-0 one of the last built in 1950 in Swindon. It was withdrawn from service in 1965 and was recovered from the Barry Scrapyard in 1981. It is operating on the Heritage Lines today with 7802 in May 2026 as the image below.
6233 The Duchess of Sutherland is a LMS Princess Coronation Class 4-6-2 Pacific that was built in 1938 at Crewe. Work is continuing to bring 6223 back to the mainline this year. In June 2002 The Duchess of Sutherland was the first Steam Locomotive to haul the Royal Train for 35 years.
The Starting Number 3 Series
34028 Eddystone is a West Country Bullied Light Pacific Class, 4-6-2 built in 1946. It was withdrawn from service in 1964. After a 10 year restoration program it returned to Heritage/ Main Line service in 2021. It is still operational with Swanage Railways and is certified until 2031. Image April 2026.
34070 Manston is a Battle Of Britain Class, 4-6-2 built in 1947. It was withdrawn from service in 1964. It returned to service with Swanage Railways in 2022 after restoration and is operational in 2026 as shown in the image below.
35006 Peninsular & Oriental is a SR Merchant Navy Class, 4-6-2 built in 1941 in Eastleigh. It was withdrawn in 1964 and sent to the Barry Scrapyard. In 1983 it was rescued for overhaul and preservation which took a long time, completed in 2015. It is still operational in May 2026.
The Starting Number 4 Series
45596 Bahamas, is a LMS Jubilee Class, 4-6-0 was built in 1936 in Crewe. It was withdrawn from service in 1964 and stored in 1966 for preservation. In 1973 it was the stored for overhaul which was completed in 1988. It is still in operation in 2026.
45690 Leander, LMS Jubilee Class, 4-6-0 was built in 1936 in Crewe. It was withdrawn from service in 1964 and was in the Barry Scrapyard in 1972. It was rescued from the Barry Scrapyard and after a 10 year overhaul it was completed in 2023 and is still operating in May 2026.
The Starting Number 6 Series
This Number 6 Series is a very comprehensive one due to the specialty of these Locomotives, that have very different backgrounds and history, which makes them Iconic in there own right. All of these are still operational Locomotives in 2026.
60007 Sir Nigel Gresley is a A4 pacific Class 4-6-2 was built in Doncaster in 1937. It was originally numbered 4498. It was withdrawn from service in 1966 and was immediately acquired for Preservation. It has operated on and off over the years but has also had many overhauls and upgrades the latest being from 2015 to 2022. It holds the record for the Post War speed record of 112 mph on the 23rd May 1959. Today in 2026 it is operating on the Heritage and Main Line Tours and is a major attraction as shown below.
60103 Flying Scotsman is a LNER A3 Class 4-6-2 designed by Sir Nigel Gresley and built in Doncaster in 1923, 103 years ago. It has been in operation almost all of its life initially as Number 4472 on the LNER route between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh Waverly, where it was the first Steam Locomotive to pass 100mph. British Rail withdrew it from service in 1963. However it was immediately bought by Alan Peglar who continued its operation. Other owners followed and it is now owned by the National Railway Museum but it is still operational in Heritage and Main Line Tours. There have been may overhauls and upgrades over the years. It is the worlds best know Steam Locomotive and an Icon in the world and has traveled all over the world such as Australia and the USA. Considering it was built in 1923 the technology is incredible and it set a standard for many Steam Locomotives to follow.
60103 Tornado is a A1 Class Peppercorn 4-6-2 designed by Arthur Peppercorn and 49 of them were built in 1948 to 1949 at Doncaster and Darlington. They were in service until 1960, however all 49 A1 Peppercorn Locomotives were scrapped by 1966. In 1990 the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust launched a project using funding from many sources to Build a brand new A1 Peppercorn Locomotive based mainly on the original Peppercorn Designs. Construction began in Darlington Works in 1994. In 1995 the name Tornado was chosen in honour of the Royal Air Force Panavia Tornado crews operating and flying the Tornado Aircraft during the Gulf War. However there were some significant changes to the original designs to meet EU regulations such as a new Boiler designed and manufactured in Germany. After 14 years the A1 Peppercorn was completed and tested in 2008 with certification for Main Line operation in 2009. It reached 100 mph the first Steam Locomotive to do so after 50 years. Today the Tornado is one of the most popular Steam Locomotives in service with the Great Britain Heritage and Main Line Tours. The right hand Tornado badge represents RAF Cottesmore where I, as an RAF Chief Technician, in charge of the Acceptance Checks of 40 plus Tornado Aircraft from British Aerospace, starting with the first two Tornado Aircraft deliveries to the RAF at RAF Cottesmore in June 1980.
Right Hand Tornado Badge on 60163 LocomotiveThis was one of the first RAF Tornado aircraft that I did the Acceptance Checks on in 1980
60523 Blue Peter is an A2 Peppercorn 4-6-2 designed by Arthur Peppercorn and built in Doncaster in 1948. It was withdrawn from service in 1966 along with another 14 which have been scrapped. 60523 was rescued in 1968 by a BBC Programme Blue Peter for children that led a campaign to restore it, hence the name Blue Peter. It operated between 1996 to 2001 with the original colour Green. It went into storage until the Royal Scot Locomotive & General Trust acquired it in 2014. It the had an extensive overhaul and upgrade complete with a change of colour to Blue until 2024. It now operates on the Heritage and Main Line Tours.
61036 Mayflower is a Thompson B1 Class 4-6-0 built in 1948 by the North British Locomotive Company Ltd in Glasgow operating with British Railways. In 1967 Scottish region acquired it for restoration and operation. I had several owners on of which was North Norfolk Railway for Heritage and Main Line Tours. In 2022 it was acquired by another owner and is operating as part of the ‘Steam Dreams’ programme.
The Starting Number 7 Series
70000 Britannia is a Standard Class 7 ‘ Britannia Class’ 4-6-2 built in 1951 in Crewe. It was the first of the 55 Class 7’s built. It Operated as the east Anglia Express from London to Norwich and Great Yarmouth. In 1952 aged 11, I lived near the railway at Thorpe, Norwich and as Train Spotter I would have seen Britannia many times. Britannia hauled the Funeral Train for King George VI from Kings Lynn Norfolk to London, who died in February 1952 at Sandringham Norfolk, In 2000 there was a new owner and a major restoration and upgrade. In 2011 is was acquired by Royal Scot Locomotive & General Trust. In 2023 it had a major failure however it was repaired and is now operating on the Heritage and Main Line Tours.
Still image of Britannia Operating at Speed in April 2026
71000 Duke Of Gloucester is a Standard Class 8, 4-6-2 built in 1954 in Crewe. It is unique as this was a prototype and the only Class 8 Locomotive built. It had many problems and in 1962 it was withdrawn from British Rail service after only 8 years and sent to the Barry Scrapyard in South Wales. However, in 1974 it was rescued by a group of enthusiasts and was restored over a period of 13 years to a operational state. It is a very powerful Locomotive and in 1995 it broke the speed record of the North bound ‘Shap Trials’. The village of Shap in North West England is on the summit of a large incline almost 1000ft above sea level where Locomotives and their Trains have to climb. It is a real test of the Locomotives Horsepower, which 71000 achieved the highest. After a major overhaul in 2007 the ‘Duke’ now operates on the Heritage and Main Line Tours.
Operating on the Heritage and Main Line Tours in May 2026Duke Of Gloucester hauling Train up the Shap Main Line. North West England
The Starting Number 8 Series
So far the Steam Locomotives we have seen all had one thing in common in that they all had a separate connected ‘Tender’ that contained the Coal and Water to operate the Locomotive. The following Locomotives are designed to carry Coal at the Rear, part of the Locomotive and Water in Side Tanks, part of the Locomotive. These are referred to as ‘Tank’ (T) Locomotives. There are still 15 out of the 155 built in the 1950’s, of this type of Locomotive, still in operation in Heritage railways throughout Great Britain. One of them is 80080 which are ideal for hauling local Railway Trains.
80080 Standard Class 4 tank, 2-6-4T was built in 1954 at Brighton. In 1967 it was withdrawn from service and sent to Barry Scrapyard where is remained until 1980 when it was rescued for Preservation and Restoration. It returned to Main Line services in 1987 and operated until 1992. After a break and overhaul it returned to service in 2012. Today 80080 is part of the North Norfolk Railway.
80080 in Barry scrapyard August 1975. Image: Keith W Platt80080 operational at North Norfolk Railway 202680078 the same as 80008 operational at North Norfolk Railway 2026
The Starting Number 9 Series
Two different types of Locomotives had a four numbers then the were prefixed with a 7 then a unique 9***** number allocated to them. In the main one type was a War Time Locomotive and the other type was a Post War Locomotive. They both have the same wheel configuration 2-10-0 and were built for heavy load hauling using the 10 driving wheels.
War Department (WD) 90775 The Royal Norfolk Regiment, Austerity Class 2-10-0 built in 1943-1945 originally numbered (7)3656. It was designed by Robert Riddle for the hauling of Heavy Freight and Coal Trucks. There were 150 Locomotives built, 100 from 1943 to 1945 and another 50 later in 1945 by the North British Locomotive Company Ltd Glasgow. Many of them were shipped to the British Army in France after D-Day and other allied countries after the war. 90775 operates with the North Norfolk Railway today. Another Locomotive (7)3672 Dame Vera Lynn is being overhauled and restored at present. I saw these as a boy in Gateshead hauling Coal Trucks and you could tell it was a WD Locomotive as it has a unique ‘Clanking Sound’ when it is moving.
92134 is BR 9F Class, 2-10-0 Heavy Freight, designed by Robert Riddles and built in 1957 at Crewe. It was withdrawn in 1966 and was in the Barry Scrapyard for almost 14 years until it was rescued in 1980. It went for restoration to Steam & Sail Engineering Ltd but 1988 it went to the North Yorkshire Moors Railway (NYMR) for further restoration at Crewe Heritage Centre. In 2019 it was operational after 53 years. In 2021, 92134 was used to portray a German Steam Locomotive in the 2023 movie, ‘Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny’. 92134 is still in operation with NYMR and many other Locomotives of this type are in operation in other Heritage Railways the or in the restoration process. The most famous of these Locomotives is 92220 Evening Star which is in the National Railway Museum in York.
92134 Operating at the NYMR in 2026National Railway Museum, York, England
Conclusion
This article has only touched he surface of the Steam Locomotives that are in operation almost year round and in all weather conditions in many places in Great Britain. Some of these I have highlighted, but there are many more Small and Vintage Locomotives that have there own character and function. So many people like myself have always been fascinated by these marvels of engineering and the shear size, power and majesty that they portray. The other important aspect of these Locomotives is there longevity and history. Many were sent for scrap in the mid 1960’s after the Beeching report decimated the Railway Networks and Steam Locomotive Services. Probably the most important of all is the significant enthusiasm of many people and investors, providing the large amount of money to pay the Restoration Companies for their magnificent achievements. These Restorations are still continuing to meet the demand by the Great British public for the Heritage and Main Line Tours, Steam Locomotives and the Trains that they haul.
Unbridled Power (saying related to the Power of the Unbridled Horse), general definition relates to the amount of Authority, Influence and Force which is , Uncontrolled, Unrestrained or normally restricted by the Rule of Law, Statute or Morality. As we will see this leads to Absolute and Dangerous Freedom to undertake Actions that lead to Chaos, Abuse of Power and Untamed Outcomes such as Wars.
Unbridled Horse and its Power
The Foundation of Unbridled Power
When we talk about Unbridled Power, look no further than the United States of America’s President Donald J Trump. He has demonstrated though his actions and words in his second term as President true Unbridled Power. In part supported by the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) in July 2024. This article is not political in nature but is to understand how unbridled power leads to extremely autocratic attitudes and actions that are dangerous for democracy as we have known it for centuries.
The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that former presidents have absolute immunity for actions within their core constitutional powers and presumptive immunity for all official acts. The ruling, which holds that official acts cannot be used as evidence in criminal prosecutions, does not apply to private unofficial actions.
In addition to this The US Congress, Senate and House of Representatives are controlled by the Republican majority. That being the case they have shown no willingness to oppose President Trump on anything major and approved all of his selections bar one for senior cabinet positions. This resulted in ‘under qualified yes men and women’ being sworn into office.
The US Constitution and Rule of Law
In general previous Presidents have been guided by the articles of US Constitution and the Rule of Law, which takes precedence in matters of government and rights of the people of the USA. This was the ‘norm’ until President Trumps second term in particular. His interpretation of both the US Constitution and Rule of Law are to say the least suspect. Due to the ineffective Congress that is supposed to provide the so called ‘guard rails’ preventing inappropriate actions by the President, they are no longer being applied. This has enabled him to wield his unbridled power, in many ways.
The Mind Set of an Autocrat
An Autocrat needs unbridled power to achieve their objectives. They tend to be bullies demanding total loyalty and strict obedience to their demands or be punished in some way for non-compliance. This type of behaviour was very relevant during he days of the USA gang bosses (Godfathers) in the 1930’s as we have seen in the old movies. When we apply this logic to some world country leaders we call them ‘Dictators’. This is not new as Autocrats have been around for thousands of years in some form or other. However, what we have not seen is Autocrats/Dictators in the USA and other democratic world countries. However, this has changed with the second term Presidency of Donald J. Trump, who is showing signs of being a serious Autocrat which is significantly effecting the USA and the world.
From the Movie The Godfather
Elected by the People
We have to remember Donald J. Trump was elected in free and fair elections in late 2024 by the people of the USA to be their President in 2025. This also applied to the Congress members which resulted in a Republican majority. Therefore, this was not a Coup as is the case with some autocrats to take unbridled power. However, I think that the USA people were not expecting the path that President Trump has taken since being elected.
Consequences
As I said this article is not political but due to the autocratic actions in such a short time there has been some significant developments that have rocked the world and within the USA. These include: Applying initial Tariffs on most world Countries (later found to be illegal by (SCOTUS)) New Tariffs for all USA imports. The formation of ICE for the deportation of illegals but have been very unpopular and resulted in 2 USA citizens deaths. Major military build up and capture of Venezuela Leader and Wife and threats to current Venezuela Leader to allow USA oil companies rights to control. Capture of Oil Tankers. Blowing up so called Drug Boats. Going after Trumps USA internal ‘enemies’ using the Justice department. Withdrawing military and financial support for Ukraines war with Russia, whilst undertaking so called peace talks with Russia. Threatening Canada and Greenland/Denmark to take over their Countries. Derogatory remarks and plans against European Allies and Leaders as part of NATO. The fiasco of the release of the Epstein files that implicate Trump. He cut off Oil to Cuba who are suffering quite a lot as Trump said he wants regime change. Finally, the ongoing War with Iran which involves all middle eastern countries, being waged by Israel and the USA with massive force, regarding destroying Nuclear facilities and regime change. This war is also significantly effecting allied relationships by derogatory remarks from Trump and his administration. These are just some of the effects so far of Donald J. Trumps Unbridled Power and Autocratic Presidency.
God help the USA and the rest of the World in Turmoil.
After starting my own Company in 1988 I decided to buy a BMW car which I had always wanted. BMW a German made car is an executive car with different variants (series 3, 5 and 7) with right hand steering. BMW’s sales quote in the 1980’s was “The Ultimate Driving Machine” which at that time was very relevant. There is no doubt that driving a BMW was a very satisfying and exhilarating experience, which I was fortunate to have had, in the various models I owned over the years. The following is a review of my BMW cars in the ownership order, that gave me so much driving pleasure.
BMW 518i E34
After starting my Company in England on the 8th August 1988 , I purchased a brand new BMW 518i E34 having right hand steering. It was a Silver colour (as image) executive car with leather seats and typical high quality trim. It had a 1800cc 4 cylinder petrol engine with a 5 speed manual transmission and rear wheel drive. It had all round Disc Brakes. My 518i had a top speed of 123 mph and could accelerate 0-60 mph in 12.3 seconds. The fuel consumption was around 27 miles per gallon. Only days after receiving my brand new BMW 518i, I went to Sweden via North Sea Ferries on business and it was snowing and freezing in Sweden but the car performed very well.
BMW 730iL E32
As the Company was expanding I decided to trade my BMW 518i for an almost new BMW 730iL E32 which had an extended long wheel base (L) as the image. My car was coloured dark Green which was a larger executive car. The BMW 730iL had a very high quality interior with leather seats, wood trim and right hand steering. The Petrol 2986cc 6 cylinder in line engine drove the 4 speed automatic gear box and rear wheel drive. The 730i was one of the first BMW’s to have traction control to the rear wheel drive. My BMW 730iL had a top speed of 138 mph and could accelerate 0-60 mph in 9.3seconds. The fuel consumption was around 17 to 34 miles per gallon on a long journey. Without doubt the more powerful engine and smooth automatic transmission made my BMW driving experience even more exhilarating.
BMW 750iL E32
After some time I was contacted by my Car Provider that a special opportunity arose as he had just taken delivery of a 2 year old low mileage BMW 750iL in excellent condition. He could give me a very good price and trade in value for my BMW 730iL if I wanted it. I had no hesitation in accepting his offer.
My BMW 750iL E32 V12 was the Flagship Luxury Sedan. The interior was luxurious with all leather seats, wood trim and many extras such as pull down tables in the rear of the front seats. The BMW 750iL power unit was a 4988cc petrol V12 cylinder engine connected to a 5 speed automatic gearbox driving the rear wheels via the traction control system producing 296 hp. My BMW 750iL had a top speed of 155 mph (250km/h) and could accelerate 0-60 mph in 7.4 seconds. The fuel consumption was around 14 to 32 miles per gallon. Although My BMW 750iL was 2 years old right hand drive it really was ‘The Ultimate Driving Machine’ that I reached 130 mph (210km/h) in, on the way to Basel in Switzerland, This was fastest I have ever driven and yet it was so smooth and quiet. However, at that speed it was very thirsty!! The image below is my actual BMW 750iL at Basal in Switzerland, (H4CTS) looking a little dirty after an11 hour journey from England. The number plate reflects “Hogg for Computerised Training Systems Ltd (CTS) my own company.
BMW 520i E34
I was now living and working in Singapore and Malaysia. This was my actual 12 year old BMW 520i E34 that I bought in Singapore which was originally dark green that I had changed to the colour you see. It had a 1991cc 6 cylinder petrol engine with 4 speed automatic gear box. It had a top speed of 134 mph (215km/h) and could accelerate 0-60 mph in 10.4 seconds. The fuel consumption was around 30 miles per gallon. Being 12 years old I did have problems with the automatic gearbox which I changed. However, the most difficult of all was that the rubber timing belt broke. This caused major damage to the engine. This resulted in a full engine overhaul due to two of the valves penetrated the pistons. For all its troubles the BMW 520i was still a comfortable and reasonably powerful car which I enjoyed driving in Singapore and Malaysia.
The Poor Mans BMW
There’s a saying in Malaysia that my present car a 2006 Honda Accord 2.4 is a ‘Poor Mans BMW’. Well as I have had several BMW’s as we have seen, I suggest that my ‘Poor mans BMW’ may in fact be better than a Series 3 or 5 BMW of the same 2006 year.
In 2006 I decided to buy a Executive Asian car in preference to a BMW or Mercedes which were better suited to the Malaysian climate. I bought the new 2006 Honda Accord 2.4 (image actual car) a high quality modern executive car with its smooth aerodynamic lines. Internally is has a beige colour trim and wood looking-veneer with leather electrically operated seats and windows. It has full Air Conditioning ideal for Asian weather. The Honda Accord 2.4 has a 2354cc iVTEC engine with a 5-speed automatic gearbox (with 2 overdrive gears) which provides extremely smooth gear changes, picking up speed is effortlessly. It has all round Disc Brakes. The road holding and ride is excellent. It has a top speed of 124 mph (200km/h) and can accelerate 0-60 mph in 7.4 seconds. The fuel consumption is around 33 miles per gallon. I have had this car from new in 2006 and 20 years later, keeping it well maintained with a complete paint respray it still looks as good as new. My “Poor Mans BMW” Honda Accord 2.4 although getting old has been the best all round car I have ever had and likely to be my last as I’m 85 but I still love having my Honda Accord 2.4 and driving it.
Conclusion
I have had many different cars in my life time as I have always loved driving ever since I passed by test in 1958 in England. All cars have a fascination for me including repairing them in the early days and maintaining them as best I could under different circumstances. I have been lucky to have been able to own and experience driving the different types of cars especially the BMW Series. However, my driving years are drawing to a close but as long as I can drive safely on the roads I will continue for as long as I can. I hope you found this article interesting.
In 1973 I was a Sergeant Technical Instructor in the Royal Air Force (RAF) at RAF Cosford in Shropshire. I used to travel each day, to and from, my RAF Home at RAF Bridgnorth in Shropshire, about 12 miles (20km) via winding country roads to RAF Cosford. In November 1973 onward the winter was very cold with Ice and Snow on most of the roads especially those from RAF Bridgnorth to RAF Cosford. In 1972 I bought a 1970 Rover P6 3500 Automatic car, which was an upmarket executive car.
Similar to my Rover 3500 with same Blue colour
Avoiding a Head On Collision
On the way home from RAF Cosford at about 5pm to RAF Bridgnorth it was dark and snowing with Ice and Snow on the roads. As I was turning one of these narrow winding corners a lorry was heading straight for me. I turned my steering wheel fully left but initially the car did not respond but only yards from the Lorry my Rover Car veered left and I ended up on the Roadside Hedgerow Embankment at angle about 60 degrees with the drivers door almost touching the road, avoiding a head on collision. As the Rover 3500 was very strong there was only a small amount of damage.
My Generated Image of the Rover 3500 position on the Road Side Hedgerow
The Rover 3500 P6 Series 1 Automatic 1970’s
My Rover 3500 was a Series 1, P6 Automatic 1970’s model coloured Blue. It was the latest design with sleek smooth lines and a high quality finish and safety standards, including all round Seat Belts, marking a real change in the 1970’s. The Rover 3500 P6 Automatic won the European Car of the Year Award in 1977 beating BMW and Mercedes.
Similar to my Rover 3500 with same Blue colour
The interior of my Rover 3500 was all Beige Colour with Leather Seats and wood surrounds. It had a Speed Tape designed Instrument System. The 3 speed Automatic Selector and Hand Brake was in the centre console. There was a Radio System and additional switches for the Heating System. The two spoke Steering Wheel was connected to the Power Assisted Steering on my car, with Stalks for Lights and Windscreen Wiper/Washers.
The same Interior and Instrumentation System as my Rover 3500
The Rover 3500 had a modified Buick 3.5 Litre V8 Cylinder Overhead Cam Aluminum Engine creating 215 hp with Twin Carburetors. Owing to the size of the Engine the Battery was housed in the boot. There was a large Radiator with an additional Air Intake Under the Front Bumper. The Engine drove a Borg-Warner 3 Speed Automatic Gearbox connected to the Rear Wheels via a Prop-shaft. It had All Wheel Disc Brakes.
The Rover 3.5 Litre V8 Overhead Cam Aluminum Engine with Twin Carburetors
The Rover 3500 performance was very good for that period and size and weight of the car, with a top speed of 117mph (188km/h) and a 0-60mph (97km/h) in 9.5 seconds. I still remember that the acceleration of the V8 was exceptional, however the Fuel consumption was reasonably high at about 22 miles per gallon.
Conclusion
The Rover 3500 P6 was one of the best cars I have owned and still have a strong affection for. I still believe that my Rover 3500 saved me from a Head On collision which would have been fatal. I also note there are still quite a number of Rover 3500 P6 cars still being used after almost 60 years.
Rover 3500 P6 1970 ( 45,000 miles) for sale in the UK today (56 years old)
What was the Trojan Horse; In Greek mythology The Trojan Horse was a large wooden Horse a supposedly Gift to The Turkish City of Troy. However it was filled with Greek Soldiers. Once the Horse was inside the City they attacked the City. Today’s meaning is classified as: A Person or Thing that Joins and Deceives a Group, Organisation or Country in order to Attack it from the inside.
USA desire for Greenland Ownership
In recent weeks and months we have seen that the USA President Donald J Trump has repeatedly said he wants the USA to own Greenland part of the The Kingdom of Denmark. He also stated he would use force against a NATO Ally to achieve it. However, the European NATO Nations stated that they would oppose any such move supporting Denmark and Greenland’s Sovereignty. This caused Trump to back off the use of Force but he is still having negotiations with Denmark and Greenland to achieve ownership. European NATO Nations are increasing their Military Presence in the Arctic Region for Security purposes. It should be noted that Greenland has the same Free State Run Medical / Hospital System as Denmark which adequately serves the 60,000 Greenland population. However due to the vast expanse visiting Hospitals is by Air Ambulance and Search and Rescue (SAR) Helicopters and Light and Business Type Aircraft which Greenland and Denmark have sufficient Air Support for this purpose.
Air Greenland Ambulance and Search and Rescue Helicopter
The USA Trumps Trojan Horse
Yesterday the devious Donald Trump said that he is sending a USA Military Hospital Ship to Greenland to take care of the many people in Greenland who are not being cared for there, by Greenland or Denmark. The USNS Mercy and the USNS Comfort are primarily for use to support Combat Situations and associated injured USA Troops. This is the USA’s TROJAN HORSE allowing the USA to use this as an excuse to get within Greenland and its population and say its important for the USA to own Greenland as they are desperate for USA’s help.
USNS Comfort Hospital Ship – The Trojan Horse
The Greenland Saga Is Not Yet Over
Denmark’s Status as a Sovereign State, the Denmark’s Prime Minister stressed repeatedly, Greenland was not up for negotiation and “it cannot be discussed, it cannot be changed”. After discussions between the USA President and the NATO General Secretary, it was said that a framework for a later discussion between the USA, Denmark and Greenland had been agreed. However, there were no details of this agreement. That is why there is still mistrust between the USA and Denmark that persists. It has always been the case that NATO Countries including the USA which already has a military base at Pituffik on the west coast of Greenland, can have access to Greenland for Collective Arctic Security but not for Greenland Ownership. This Saga is not yet over, which could split NATO wide open. That is why Greenland and Denmark and European NATO Nations should beware of the TROJAN HORSE especially in the Chinese Year of the HORSE.
To make it clear I am not in favour of Communism in any shape or form but I have to recognise that China has achieved a great deal especially in Technical terms, Financially and Commercially over the past 10 years. As a military engineer I am am in aw of some of the achievements and futuristic advances in Technology that they are experiencing at the moment. These advances in Technical and Commercial achievements together with their rapid expansion of the military capability guided by Xi Jinping there leader, has raised China to become a Stable Superpower. However, I must stress that there are still major differences in some areas between the Western Countries and China.
Stable China v Unstable USA
In my previous article it is clear that due to the current USA President Trump the USA is extremely unstable and is declining, both internationally and internally. It’s allies Great Britain , European Union, Canada and others have been severely effected recently by the USA in terms of the military alliance, NATO and commercially especially in the case of Tariffs. The allies therefore have recognised that the USA can no longer be trusted in terms of NATO and commercially, especially regarding trade and investment.
Today the Great Britain Prime Minister is meeting with Xi Jinping in an attempt to work closer with a Stable China culturally and commercially to benefit both countries. This visit follows more recent visits by leaders of France and Canada who have also had meetings with Xi Jinping and the Germany leader meeting with Xi Jinping in the coming weeks. These meetings are in part due to the actions of an increasingly unstable USA and its President Donald Trump and his administration. Just recently the USA are proposing Tariffs of 100% on all goods coming from Canada because they have created trading condition for Electrical Vehicle from China and Canola Oil from Canada to China. In a very recent action Trump has said that the USA will de-certify all Canadian built Aircraft in the USA, which will ground the Aircraft.
China Technologies
Is China a Technology Superpower? On the face of it China is way ahead of the rest of the world in the latest Technologies, however let us consider these Technologies in more depth to establish the Technology facts.
High Speed Rail
China has embraced High Speed Rail (HSR) using the Chinese Railway Hi-Speed (CRH) state company, as a main form of transport with over 50,000 km of Rail Tracks and associated signalling systems. They have also adopted in many cases to Elevate their Rail Tracks on specially constructed structures similar to bridges which are not affected by normal life below them. They have adopted a new form of Rail Track based on a Concrete Slab Sleepers rather than using Stone Ballast between the Sleepers. However, these were imported from Germany using German Technology who manufacture them. Based upon the German Technology, China is now developing and manufacturing Concrete Slab Sleepers for different Train loads. This is known as’ Technology Transfer’ which is part of the trading practices in Asia which my own company experienced in the 1990’s.
German Concrete Rail Track Sleepers Image : Gisling
Once again using Technology Transfer from other countries such as Canada, Germany, Sweden and Japan, China is now designing and manufacturing some of its own Trains. The CRH 1 to CRH 5 series trains are mainly designed and developed from imported Train Technology. The latest CRH 380 series still uses a significant amount of imported Technology, Train and Traction Equipment. The CRH380D Train which is manufactured by the Canadian Bombardier Transportation using the Technology Transfer system. The CRH 380-B(L) reached a speed of 487.3 km/h (303.8mph) in January 2011. So it can be seen that whilst The Chinese Railway Network and Infrastructure is impressive, the HSR Train Technology still being imported from other Countries is significant.
CRH-2A (Left) and E2-1000 (right)CRH-380B(L) Train
The latest Technology know as Electromagnetic Levitation (MAGLEV) was imported from Germany in 2002 for the world’s first commercial MAGLEV line, capable of speeds up to 430 km/h, linking Longyang Road station with Shanghai Pudong International Airport in Shanghai on October 19, 2010. Since then China has being developing the MAGLEV Train which has no wheels and Levitates (hovers) above a specially designed Track that allows Electromagnetic forces to drive the train forward at speeds up to 600km/h. It is expected that China will adopt this Technology for commercial rail travel within the next 5 to 10 years.
The MAGLEV train leaving Longyang Road station Shanghai China
Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles (EV’s) have been around since the 1850’s mainly Subways like the London Underground, Trams, Trolley Buses run by external electrical supplies. The EV’s of today tend to relate to Electric Cars, Buses and Lorries which use Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries. The commercialised Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery by Sony Japan, was the catalyst for today’s modern EV Cars which have evolved very quickly since the early 2000’s, originally developed by the USA, Japan and Europe. However, it has been the rapid expansion of the Design and Development of EV’s in China that has revolutionised the Car Industry moving away from Carbon Fueled Internal Combustion Engines. The China’s BYD company is now the leading seller of EV’s of all types surpassing the USA’s Tesla and all other brands. The ‘Blade’ Battery is a revolutionary Lithium-Iron (Ferrous) Phosphate (LFP) Battery designed by BYD, that is superseding the Lithium-Ion Battery, as it has an increased capacity, is extending the Range Distance and it Charges faster. One of the latest BYD models is the Sea Lion 7 which has a range of 500 km and can fully charge in 30 mins.
Rare Earth Elements Production
The Basic Rare Earth is not ‘Rare’ at all and is available all over the World. Almost everything thing on Earth is catergorised as an Element which are recorded in a ‘Table Of Elements’. Basic Rare Earth contains 17 Elements which are essential for today’s Electronic World. What makes them RARE is the complex and dirty process of extracting the 17 Elements from the basic Rare Earth. China produces 75% of the Extracted 17 Elements for the rest of the world to use. These 17 elements are essential for the creation of Permanent Magnets, Electronic Components, Production and Processes, Satellites and for Military Equipment and Armaments, in fact almost everything in today’s modern world. The advancement of EV’s and Wind Turbines in particular depends more and more on four major Rare Earth elements for their Motors and Generators Magnets. Therefore, China has a major advantage in the Control of the Supply of these 17 Elements to the Worlds various Technologies including to other Military Powers such as the USA. Of course the supply of the 17 Elements creates a great deal of wealth for China.
Military Technology
Over the last decade China has been modernising and expanding its Military using new Technologies. China’s Navy capability has now exceeded the USA’s Navy except for the number and state of the art Aircraft Carriers. The General China Fleet is more modern as China’s ship building has expanded. China’s latest Aircraft Carrier the Fuijan Type 003 shown below, uses new Technologies, Electromagnetic Catapults (EMALS), similar to the Gerald Ford USA Aircraft Carrier, for launching Aircraft. However, experts say that a major problem of the Fuijan, is that, due to its design it cannot have Aircraft Taking Off and Landing at the same time, like the USA large Aircraft Carriers. There has been a major Technology shift in China’s Air Force with the introduction of the J-20 Stealth Fighter Aircraft shown below and many other new Aircraft of all types. There has been a massive increase in High Technology Tanks, Missile Launchers and other Military Equipment, which is supported by a Manpower increase far exceeding any other Military Force in the world.
Humanoid Robots
Both the USA and China are creating Humanoid Robots for Social and Manufacturing tasks. The marked difference between the USA and China is that the USA are concentrating on Bespoke Humanoid Robots with complex movements and Artificial Intelligence at a small Scale, whereas China is concentrating on Specific Task Industrial Humanoid Robots on a large Scale. An example In Shenzhen China, UBTech company created the Walker S2 Industrial Humanoid Robot and after trials has moved to mass production completing and shipping hundreds already and aiming to produce thousands in the coming two years.
Full Size Industrial Humanoid Robots (walker S2) Image: UBTech China
Another Chinese company Xpeng have created a realistic Humanoid Robot that can move similar to humans, incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) allowing it to interface with a human and respond accordingly. Again the company is planning to mass produce this AI Humanoid Robot for different applications in the near future. For a further insight to Humanoids you can refer to my article : Humans V Humanoids 6th January 2025 at astra283.com
Wind Turbines
China has the largest Wind Power Generation in the world converting Kinetic Energy into Electrical Energy which in 2024 was 885 Giga Watts. On Shore Wind Farms are numerous and large in China such as the one in Xinjiang Province shown below. The major manufacturer of Wind Turbines in China, Goldwind, is also based in Xinjiang Province. The Wind Turbines of today are huge constructions. The image below of the transit of a Single Wind Turbine Blade and The Generator Housing through a UK village gives you an idea of the scale.
However, Chinese Off Shore Wind Farms are actually manufactured by Siemens in Germany due to their more complex design. Through the Technology Transfer route, China is now manufacturing Off Shore Turbines and Wind Farms such as the Donghai Bridge Off Shore Wind Farm shown below. A Chinese company, Power China, has designed and is developing a Floating Wind Farm near Hainan. It is worth noting that the current USA Trump Administration is withdrawing funding for Wind Farms in the USA as the USA President Trump does not like them.
Solar Panels
China dominates the design and development of Solar Panels which converts Sunlight into Electrical Direct Current (DC) Energy that is converted into Alternating Current (AC) Energy for use by the consumers. China manufactures almost 80% of the worlds Solar Panels and Components. It has huge Land Based Solar Farms covering many square miles the largest being 162 Square miles. China is also building Floating Solar Farms.
Conclusion
China without any doubt has embraced Technology as we have seen in many different Sectors and Applications as part of there Clean Renewable Energy and Transportation Sectors. Not only that, China, has and is, increasingly doing so at a huge Scale. The question was ‘Is China and Technology Superpower’? In 1988 my company CTS Ltd created in England the worlds first Technical Training Multimedia Systems and Software using Commodore Amiga Computers, combined with Audio/Video and Animation which was my Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). Within 1 year IBM upgraded their PC 286 Computers and Software to PC 486 allowing other Companies to learn and Emulate my Unique Multimedia Systems IPR to Compete with me. From my research and article above China has learnt through the Technology Transfer System from other Countries to Emulate others IPR on a much larger Scale especially the High Speed Train systems. The China policy of moving to a Clean Energy Environment plays an important driver for new Technologies. All Humans learn from each others Technologies, and Emulate and Improve on the original Concepts, However, China’s ability to Apply the Technology in such a Huge Scale in such a short Time, has made ‘China a Technology Superpower’.
